How The Government Manages Macroeconomic Issues - 1276 Words

Executive Summary In giving a diagram of the workings of the economy, this contextual investigation concentrates on the key part of HM Treasury in actualizing Government financial arrangements. It concentrates on: 1. How the Government manages macroeconomic issues, for example, financial development, livelihood and expansion. These issues are about the economy in general. 2. How the Government manages microeconomic issues, for example, the execution of organizations and their items inside of business sectors over the UK. This likewise has a direction on the profitability of this economy overall, and Britain s aggressiveness abroad. Dealing with the economy includes both full scale and small scale monetary strategy. Monetary†¦show more content†¦The economy An economy is a framework which tries to adjust the accessible assets of a nation (land, work, capital and endeavor) against the needs and needs of buyers. It manages three key issues: †¢ what is delivered †¢ how it is delivered, and †¢ who gets what is delivered. There are three principle sorts of economy: arranged economy, market economy and blended economy. Arranged (otherwise called order) sorts of economies were found in beforehand comrade nations, for example, Romania, Bulgaria and Russia, and in North Korea today. In an arranged economy the administration settles on all choices for society. Makers just make what they are told to make. The fundamental advantages are that most specialists are utilized and a great many people appreciate a comparative essential way of life. The issues, in any case, might be extensive: †¢ a arranged economy gives little limit for improvement, so development and speculation is constrained †¢ the foundation is for the most part immature as government spends on different zones, for example, safeguard †¢ wages are state-controlled, so individuals have less inspiration to perform at more elevated amounts †¢ prices are settled by government. Customers frequently can t manage the cost of extravagance merchandise, for example, PCs or cellular telephones, which are underestimated in created nations. In business sector economies (otherwise called free

Social Classes Comparative Sociology - 1751 Words

Social Classes: Comparative Sociology In this paper I will contrast how Marx and Weber understood the undergirding social dynamics of capitalist society. Whereas Marx look at social classes and class struggle, Weber focuses on different spheres of status, class situation, and power group (being associations of people that tried to influence social actions). Durkheim, a structural functionalist, argued everything in society exist for a purpose, and that society is bounded together by ideas and social unity, what he calls: social solidarity. Weber focused on rationality and bureaucracy, he believed they were key elements of modern society and saw as central to their functioning the way in which people felt in their living situation. Marx, with a very different approach, looked at how capitalist came into being with a dominant class owning the means of productions, and a working class being compelled to selling its labor. Each of these school of thoughts have been picked up by sociologi sts in later era and form their own branches. With each focusing on different aspects of society, we can look at the tension between these schools of thought. As diverse as the theories are, there are still shared aspects but with different understandings/ arguments. For this paper, I ve chosen the concepts of social classes and class struggles from Marxian, and ideas on status and class situation in Weber, and also explain my own particular view on how these help us understand modern society.Show MoreRelatedGender Relations Between Rural Areas And The West Of Iran1580 Words   |  7 PagesSummary of the Article   This paper gives a detailed analysis of a peer-reviewed sociology paper to discuss the theme in the paper, giving a summary of the article with research methods and research findings plus relevance of the paper ‘Geographical Perspective on Gender Relations in Rural Areas; a Comparative Study in North and West  of Iran’. The article ‘Geographical Perspective on Gender Relations in Rural Areas; a Comparative Study in North and West of Iran’ featured in the volume 10 issue 2 of theRead MoreEssay about Sociology1492 Words   |  6 Pages Sociology is a field which developed over a millennia ago, but it was not until the nineteenth century that it came into the fore as a bona fide social science, in need of its own classification apart from other social sciences. Sociology, the study of the process of companionship;(pg.396, Ambercrombie,Hill,Turner), is a discipline, which is not exclusively independent in and of its self, yet borrows from many other disciplines such as: history, geography, and anthropology. American sociologyRead MoreSociology Imagination833 Words   |  4 Pagesvivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider society. The sociological imagination is the capacity to shift from one perspective to another: from the political to the psychological; from examination of a single family to comparative assessment of the national budgets of the world; from the theological school to the military establishment; from considerations of an oil industry to studies of contemporary poetry.[1] Sociological Imagination: The application of imaginativeRead MoreSociology - The Comparative Method1739 Words   |  7 PagesSociology The Comparative Method Sociologists have embraced what is known as the comparative method as the most efficient way to expose taken-for-granted truths or laws that people have adopted. But what is this comparative method and how does it work? Are there any advantages/disadvantages to exposing these false truths. What forms or variations of the comparative method exist? In the pages to follow I will attempt to give you some insight and understanding of what the comparative methodRead MoreInsight Into Human Behavior in Sociology827 Words   |  4 PagesSociology is the study of societies. Sociology analyses the various social phenomena, such as ethnicity, gender, and sexuality, to gain a better understanding of the dominating values [and norms] that underpin a society’s function and provides an individual with a sense of belonging or attachment. This insight into human behaviour, both as an individual and as part of a group, has been the foundation for sociological thinking in the past and is still relevant in understanding the present and futureRead MoreA Critical Comparison Of Marxist Theory And Merton’S Strain1530 Words   |  7 Pages  A Critical Comparison of Marxist Theory and Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance. Introduction: This particular work will consist of a critical theoretical review and a comparative analysis on two criminological theories. For the comparison I have chosen Marx’s theory of crime and Merton’s strain theory of deviance. My critical comparison analysis will emphasise the central concepts and arguments within both theories and how each theory explains crime. The analysis will then explore modern dayRead MoreI Am an Individual986 Words   |  4 PagesFrench sociologist, who is cited by some as the principal architect of modern social science. (Unknown Author, 2002, Para. 1) Durkheim is stating that members of society state what an individual will say and do. In Durkheim’s book, â€Å"The Division of Labor,† â€Å"he introduced the concept of anomie† (Unknown Author, Para. 2). An anomie is a state or condition of individuals or society characterized by a breakdown or absence of social norms and values. (Online Etymology Dictionary, n.d.) Durkheim arg ues thatRead MoreThe Equality Myth Essays656 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald is as much a novel about social hierarchy as it is about class-consciousness. Throughout the novel we are bombarded with images of extravagant wealth and shuddering pauperism with the elite upper class using those around them as stepping-stones to their own selfish happiness. The novel makes a point to differentiate between classes within classes especially how the sociology of the wealthy differs within itself. The new millionaires (represented byRead MoreSocial Reproduction Theory And The American Education System1224 Words   |  5 Pages Social reproduction theory is important and relevant to society because it challenges an institution that we have been socialized to honor and protect. In America, we believe that we have equal opportunities to succeed by educating ourselves in the school system. However, our social class and identity dictate how much access we have to those very opportunities that can lead to success. By examining this theory of social reproduction, we can further understand the roles that culture and social classRead MoreEducational Philosophy: Metaphysics, Epistemology, Axiology, and Logic1746 Words   |  7 Pagesa. Describe your own educational philosophy in terms of its metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and logic I agree with John Dewey, whose values and axiology supported the Left in politics who wanted the U.S. to become a social democracy and move away from more traditional conservative ideas. Dewey had no metaphysics, theology or belief in God, but was a humanist and evolutionist who thought that democratic socialism would be the wave of the future in urban, industrial society, and that the traditional

The Effects Of Computers On Students Academic Growth

The Negative Effects of Computers on Students’ Academic Growth Introduction As society moves deeper into the 21st century, computers continue to become even more sophisticated and user friendly. With the advent of smart phones, touch screen tablets, and voice response, not only are these devices increasing easy to use, but they are becoming indispensable in every day life. Because of the pervasiveness of technology throughout society, one question must be answered. Is the widespread existence of technology harming students? Are the multitudes of devices found in every aspect of our culture a tool that can help students in their pursuit of an education, or are they supplanting the need for students to use problem solving strategies? This discussion, which has been raging since the first computer appeared in a school building, becomes even more relevant with each passing day. The question in this paper is posed in the negative, â€Å"Is technology negatively affecting academic growth in students?† Therefore, the â€Å"Pros† will actually be speaking against technology, while the â€Å"Cons† will be speaking in favor of technology. Pros Technology Only Simulates Real Life When students sit in front of a computer they are receiving abstract data about the world. This data, though an accurate representation, does not allow students the first-hand experience that they would receive if they were to interact with the world in a personal way. Students in Home Economics classes may be able toShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Learning Environment Of Children Of All Ages1513 Words   |  7 Pagesyou to play games on a computer or tablet to help you learn? Have you ever been more interested in the vivid colors and pretty designs in the game? Rather than the actual material within the game? Well I have. As a child, computers have distracted me from learning. I’ve been more interested in the bright colors and funny-looking animated characters in the game that it began to disable my ability to learn from the content within the game. Recently, Technologies such as computers and tablets, have beenRead MoreTechnology Assists Students With Disabilities1601 Words   |  7 PagesAssistive Technology Assists Students with Disabilities Michael O’ Leary is like any other student at Charlotte Wood Middle School in Danville, California. He has fun participating in classroom art projects, enjoys researching for and writing essays, and earns good grades. The only thing that sets Michael apart from other classmates is his severe physical disability: Michael has cerebral palsy, a disorder which impairs both bodily and cognitive abilities. However, because of the emerging technologyRead MoreComputerized Enrollment System1686 Words   |  7 Pagesdone. The assigned or group of students gathered data from different kind of students with different courses and year levels with the information and guidance given of their professor ( Mr. Delio Atienza ) . The researchers conduct the questionnaire and survey interview to the students who serves as their respondents to answer the questions about the current situation they encountered during the manual enrollment system, to know the thoughts or ideas of the students about the current kind of enrollmentRead MoreThe Impact Of Computer Technology On Students998 Words   |  4 PagesWe are living in the age of computers technology. In the recent decade, these machines became a very popular and an important part of the human’s life; as a result, today we are surrounded by computers everywhere. We have computers at homes, educational institutions, offices, hospitals, banks, supermarkets and so on. However, we cannot deny this fact that computers are given great importance in the education sector and students are the key part of it. Different studies have revealed (Study link isRead MoreNew Styles of Instruction Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pagesgrade levels. There are many ways in which the iPod Touch can be integrated to customize the learning experience for all (Banister, 2010). Laptop computers are also being used more in the classroom. Educators are not merely using laptops as a means to plan and deliver instruction, rather as tools for authentic learning where students use the computers during lessons (Kemker, Barron Harmes, 2007). There are several web-based programs, such as Education City, Study Island, and Compass Learning, toRead MoreEthical Issues Regarding Information Technology1638 Words   |  7 Pagesa need to interpret how a code of ethics would be established within this academic environment. In our generation the technology has been beneficial to the greatest number of people which is defined as Utilitarianism. Societal changes are mostly caused by information technology due to the extensive nature that the society has access to IT today has brought about significant societal ethical changes. The most profound effect is the unbundling of information. Consequently, â€Å"we can reach multiple peopleRead MoreEducation : Why Students Need More1590 Words   |  7 PagesVocational Education: Why Students Need More Jhone P. Daenen Western Governors University WGU Student ID #000569522 Vocational Education: Why Students Need More Over the years, high schools have evolved in their thinking of what type(s) of curriculum students may require in order to pursue their future career goals. In the past, the general consensus was to include both academic courses along with vocational classes (i.e. wood shop, home economics, typing). Then, for a time, public education choseRead MoreARCS Model1616 Words   |  7 Pagesthe ARCS Model of Instruction Student motivation has been acknowledged by scholars as a key component linked to academic success and a continuing challenge for educators (Keller, 2010 Murray, 2011). In fact, Linder, Smart and Cribbs (2015) cite motivation as being essential for student success in mathematical tasks. â€Å"Motivation refers broadly to what people desire, what they choose to do, and what they commit to do† (Keller, 2010, p.). It is debated whether students must have intrinsic motivationRead MoreDetermining The Relationship Between Extracurricular Activities And Academic Performance Using Computational Intelligence813 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween Extracurricular Activities and Academic Performance using Computational Intelligence Tejaswini Koduri Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University tkoduri11@gsu.student.edu Abstract- Elementary school is the medium for the students to step into the professional field.The knowledge can achieved from curriculum by following it.But the hands on experience on the subject can be gained only through the extracurricular activities. So, students should take some responsibility to participateRead MoreApplying Personal Values to Education1215 Words   |  5 PagesApplying personal values to education Ââ€" A student perspective A university, like organizations and communities, are comprised of individuals representing different cultural and religious backgrounds. In defining the rules of conduct for individuals functioning together, it is necessary to formally define those rules to ensure that all are aware of the common values that should be adhered to and the consequences of non-adherence. For students attending the University of Phoenix, there is the

Pros And Cons Of Fast Food - 766 Words

Introduction: How important is nutrition for one’s health? Proper nutrition and healthy lifestyle not only makes a person physically strong, but it also provides a mental peace. However, in today’s busy world, there is one other thing that provides happiness, and it is the tasty fast food. Due to growing health problems and hectic lifestyle, it is hard for people to manage their diet and work. The easiest solution which some people tend to find is to eat fast food, whereas some people also argue about the growing health problems. It is undeniable that the greasy, fatty, unhealthy, and sugary fast food have become part of one’s daily life. Is fast food beneficial for the society or not? Pros: 1. Life is full of stress, and cooking food†¦show more content†¦A study by IEA showed that â€Å"A diet of muesli, rice, white meat, fruit and vegetables is much cheaper than a diet of Coco Pops, ready meals, red meat, sugary drinks and fast food† (Quinn). There are lots of healthy food available at lower prices than fast food. 2. Fast food opens the door for many deadly diseases like heart-attack, peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, and many more. As fast foods contain lots of calories and fat, it increases stress levels. â€Å"A rich fat meal can increase your stress level and make you at a greater level of stress in comparison to those who have a low fat meal† (Khan). Therefore, fast food should never be part of daily life because it lacks nutrients. 3. There is an increase in obesity in kids because of consumption of junk food. â€Å"Obesity is a common medical condition in most countries with a fast food culture† (Cierra). Obesity leads to lower self-esteem in kids; it also makes their physical appearance look bad. People often judge obese people and make fun of them. Therefore, it is important to cut down fast food to avoid obesity in people. Conclusion: The pros and cons of a junk food are right in its place, but I believe nothing is more important than a healthy life. Healthy life motives one to work faster and better. The right type of nutrition, which people take at the young age leads to aShow MoreRelatedPros and Cons of Fast Food2286 Words   |  10 PagesThe Good and Bad of Fast Food The Good and Bad That Fast Food Brings To Our Society Shawn Guzman E.C.P.I. English 110 The Good and Bad That Fast Food Brings To Our Society In this day and age everyone has had some form of fast food. There are many options to choose from all around the world. If one was to travel down any main city block, he or she may be overwhelmed with the many options to choose from. The most popular options may be McDonalds, Burger King, Pizza Hut, andRead MorePros And Cons Of Fast Food1922 Words   |  8 PagesFast food is becoming more common as the years pass us. The convenience and time saving that come with fast food make it that much more desirable. â€Å"Research has documented that low-income urban youth are at risk for obesity and related health problems.† (Issner, J.H., Mucka, L.E. Barnett, D. J Child Fam Stud (2017) 26: 548) But with fast food comes its pros and cons, and placing it in schools can be very detrimental. There is a big debacle on if schools should sell fast food or not. With how thingsRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Fast Food2098 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout many years, food has grown to be come a more controversial and celebrated subject in America. On the one hand Maxfield and argues we should eat whatever we want while Pollan declare that we must have control over our diet. Furthermore, there are some people such as Aaron E. Carroll that go both ways in this issue. However, these opinions become heated when it comes to food and obesity. Even though these writers share similar feelings, they take different approaches to this issue. The articlesRead MorePros And Cons Of Fast Food720 Words   |  3 PagesThe history of fast food is not too long, but fast food has become a constant element of our lives. Most people in the world recognize the logos of places like McDonald’s or Burger King. A large percent of the population at least once in their lives had eat in a fast food bar; however, some of them do it regularly and they cannot imagine that such bars could cease to exist. Over the years, fast foods gained their supporters, but also opponents who see in such place only something evil. I think theRead MorePros and Cons of Fast Food and Home Cooked Meals Essay907 Words   |  4 Pagesdesires is food, and preferably, fast food. An athlete does not want to wait two hours after playing to get home to eat. Food gives people energy and restores an athlete of his or her lost nutrients. Although athletes generally have a higher metabolism than most others, too much fast food overtime can be harmful to anyone’s body. Avoiding fast food is not always possible, so portioning meals can be helpful when fast food is the only option. This paper will not only discuss the pros and cons of eatingRead MorePro s And Con s Of A Fast Food Diet1074 Words   |  5 PagesKeana Douglass English 5-6 16 Feb 2015 Period 4 Pro’s and Con’s of a Fast Food Diet More than one-third of the U.S adults and children are obese or overweight due to high calorie intake from unhealthy diets and fast food products. High calorie intake is the hefty amount of more calories that you should consume in a days time. Obesity is the condition of being grossly fat or overweight. As well as an imbalance of the amount of energy that is taken in from drinking and eating and energy spentRead MoreFast Food764 Words   |  4 Pagesare the Pros and Cons of Junk Food? Junk food industry is taking off these days, which incites both young and old. There are various pros and cons of junk food. Junk food such as fries and pizzas are tantalizing for everyone. Junk foods are filled with calories and fats without nutritional values. One benefit of fast food is that you can walk in, order and eat. For the modern youth, vegetables and fruits are not that appealing as compared to junk food such as pizzas and fries. Junk foods are delectableRead MoreFat Head And Supersize Me900 Words   |  4 Pageshis health before and after the fast food challenge. Fat Head portrays Tom Naughton refuting the legitimacy of the results of Supersize Me and the Lipid Hypothesis. A pro of Supersize me is that it shows how too much fast food can be bad for you because it can lead to health problems such as obesity, bad cholesterol, high blood pressure, and heart problems. Another pro of the 30 day experiment that Morgan is that it showed how a diet consisting of only fast food can be detrimental to health dueRead MoreFast Food Restaurants Are Not A Healthy Choice Essay812 Words   |  4 Pages Fast food restaurants are common trend and fashion in people’s life style. Most of the fast food chains such as McDonald’s, KFc are perfect in the business and in the fast food industry. Colorful decorations, icons, and advertising tips give people attraction the business. The new generation of the fast food restaurants are trying to provide healthier choices for customer, but most of people still believe that fast food is unhealthy. Many fast food restaurants are trying to using healthier wayRead MoreEssay on Pros and Cons of the Atkins and South Beach Diets1050 Words   |  5 PagesPros and Cons of the Atkins and South Beach Diets People consider many factors when choosing a diet: what best suites their needs, how it fits with their body type, and what the diet entails, are all aspects taken into account. The Atkins and South Beach diets are plans that take different approaches in style but end up having similar results in the end. Atkins serves to eliminate carbohydrates and focus on more protein-enriched foods; this idea sells because it offers a way

Love for One’s Country Free Essays

Love for one’s own country Loving one’s own country is closely associated with patriotism. Patriotism is a loyal feeling which one has about his own country. one must have a deep and passionate loyal feeling about his country. We will write a custom essay sample on Love for One’s Country or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of these feelings of one man in a country is upsurge and unhonoured. The feeling has kindled many dormant nations into actions. History is filled up with instances where patriotic people under able leadership have saved their land. Our father of nation Mahatma Gandhi bought for the freedom of our country with a burning patriotic zeal. One must take pride in the culture and beauty of one’s own country, the rivers, mountains, hills, valleys, deltas must inspire one’s patriotic feeling. He has to encourage the art and trade of his country. He must support his country as his duty. He shall never do anything that would bring down the fair name and image of his country. In the present context of the world the narrow patriotism is nearly out moded. country however powerful or rich can stand isolated. The world is shining with the fast mode of communication and no country is too far away. The complex economy of the world has every country dependent on one another. Self-contained condition is only a thing of past, every culture today is what it has rowed from culture. No culture can boast of being pure. so there is no meaning in narrow nationalisation . it is safe to conclude that fantastic patriotism is bad though loving ones country for beherment and good deals is a noble act. Being proud of India is not enough. Resolve to do something in your lifetime that India will be proud of†¦.. How to cite Love for One’s Country, Essay examples

Innovation The Oriented Culture In Public Sector †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Innovation Oriented Culture in Public Sector. Answer: Introduction: In the article, author explained that corporate culture is an integral part of any organization. One of the key learning from the article is that corporate culture depends a lot on leadership skills and attributes. It is never easy to change the corporate culture and it requires strong leadership at top to change the corporate culture. The cultural web model is a very powerful model to change the corporate culture (Zheng Wang, 2010). I believe that this model is a powerful model as it focuses on both internal and external stakeholders through its six elements of power, structure, rituals, symbols, control systems, and myths. The model is particularly useful because a plan can be developed to change the constituent parts for each element or combination of elements. Naranjo-Valencia (2011) highlighted that this model is particularly useful for the organizations that wish to change their organizational culture. The advantages or the benefits of using are that the typology type requires the least thinking by the leadership team and the descriptive type the most (Wynen Verhoest, 2014). It is important that the leaders must realize their responsibility and accountability while bringing any cultural changes in the organization. It is never easy to bring any cultural change in the organization and the leaders must be aware of this fact. The learning from this article is useful for the organizations that want to bring the cultural change in the organizations. Lets take the example of Dell Inc. It can be said that Dell Inc. was the first company that realized the importance of customized products like customized laptop for consumers. The senior management and leaders of Dell Inc. was ready to bring the cultural change in the organizations (Hartnell Ou, 2011). As a result, the leaders transformed the culture of Dell Inc. to flexible culture. The cultural web model suggests that the cultural change in the organizations should tickle down from senior management to low level employees. It is critical that the senior leaders should cascade the information to mid level management that should further cascade the information to low-level employees. The application of cultural web model would also suggest that Dell Inc. must analyze various internal and external parameters while bringing any cultural change in the organizatio n (Enkel Bader, 2013). (Holacracy) : Key Learning In the article, author presented the case of the organization without any bosses. Author explained that any successful organization is always dependent on people. A successful and a competitive organization is one, which has capable employees (Chen Huang, 2010). Therefore, it would make sense to give complete power in the hands of employees. The key learning from this article is that the absence of any autocratic leadership brings innovation in the employees. In the article, author gave the example of Twitter and highlighted that innovation can be established as a culture in the organization only when people are free to think. It can happen only when there is no one to monitor employees in a micro way. In the article, author also highlighted that holacracy advocates argue that centralization of power suffocates innovation (Ferenstein, 2014). For contemporary business organization, the focus should be on innovation and not on holacracy. It would ensure that employees are able to thin k out of the box. It is also important that the innovation should be established as the core competency of the organizations. The innovation from the people or the employees should eventually help organizations to establish a strong position in the market. The learning from this activity could be applied to wide variety of organizations. Lets apply the learning to the case of Apple Inc. It is a known fact that Apple is one of the most innovative companies in the world. This has been possible only with the focus on innovative culture and the freedom given to employees. At Apple Inc. employees are considered as the biggest asset of organizations (Menguc Auh, 2010). Employees are encouraged to think out of the box and come up with new ideas and solutions for the existing business problems. It ensures that Apple is able to launch new products in the market that are unique and appreciated by consumers. Apple Inc. can continue on its path of innovation and creativity only when it continues to give absolute freedom to its employees. It is important that employees should be further motivated to think out of the box. It can happen only when Apple does not micromanage its employees. It is important that the leaders and managers should focus to play a role of mentor rather than a traditional manager (Bernstein Bunch, 2016). The approach of mentor would ensure that there is no transactional relationship between management and employees. Conclusion The above paper discusses the two activities of Week 3 and Week 4. The week 3 activity about the cultural web model is a very powerful model that is used to change the corporate culture of the organizations. The week 4 activity discusses holacracy that is a new form of organizational structure in which there is no boss and the employees are encouraged to manage themselves. This organizational structure brings innovation among employees as they are motivated to think out of the box. References Bernstein, E., Bunch, J., Canner, N. and Lee, M., 2016. Beyond the Holacracy Hype.Harvard Business Review. Change Factory. 2017. Retrieved form: https://www.changefactory.com.au/our-thinking/articles/using-cultural-models-for-changing-corporate-culture Chen, C.J., Huang, J.W. and Hsiao, Y.C., 2010. Knowledge management and innovativeness: The role of organizational climate and structure.International Journal of Manpower,31(8), pp.848-870. Enkel, E. and Bader, K., 2013. How to Balance Open and Closed Innovation: Strategy and Culture as Influencing Factors.Open Innovation Research, Management and Practice,23, p.87. Ferenstein, G. Zappos just abolished bosses. Inside tech's latest management craze. 2014. Retrieved from: https://www.vox.com/2014/7/11/5876235/silicon-valleys-latest-management-craze-holacracy-explained (2nd May 2017) Hartnell, C.A., Ou, A.Y. and Kinicki, A., 2011. Organizational culture and organizational effectiveness: a meta-analytic investigation of the competing values framework's theoretical suppositions. Menguc, B. and Auh, S., 2010. Development and return on execution of product innovation capabilities: The role of organizational structure.Industrial marketing management,39(5), pp.820-831. Naranjo-Valencia, J.C., Jimnez-Jimnez, D. and Sanz-Valle, R., 2011. Innovation or imitation? The role of organizational culture.Management Decision,49(1), pp.55-72. Wynen, J., Verhoest, K., Ongaro, E., Van Thiel, S. and in cooperation with the COBRA network, 2014. Innovation-oriented culture in the public sector: Do managerial autonomy and result control lead to innovation?.Public Management Review,16(1), pp.45-66. Zheng, W., Yang, B. and McLean, G.N., 2010. Linking organizational culture, structure, strategy, and organizational effectiveness: Mediating role of knowledge management.Journal of Business research,63(7), pp.763-771.

Accounting for Business Decisions Giant Construction and Material

Question: Describe about the Accounting for Business Decisions for Giant Construction and Material. Answer: Introduction Boral Limited is a giant construction and material company based out of Sydney. The company enjoys the position of a market leader in the Australian market with regards to building and construction material. The company has long standing ties with USG Boral of USA. The company boasts at being the largest supplier of building material in all the respective Australian states. The company has full time employee strength of about 8,356 employees which tend to provide services to various construction plants situated all around Australia (Boral, 2015). The company is highly customer centric which is one reason for its continued success in the space and leadership position in the market. The company has presence in multiple geographies such as Australia, Asia and USA. The company has a host of competitors in the space like Holcim Ltd, RMC Group plc, James Hardie Industries Limited, CSR Limited, Aggregate Industries etc. (Boral, 2015). The given report aims to review the financial performance of the company in FY2015 in comparison to the previous year using selected elements from the three financial statements namely income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement. The relevant data has been collected and analysed to yield meaningful and relevant conclusion with regards to the companys future. Comparative financial analysis - Boral Limited A. Statement of Financial Position This is one of the key components of the financial report and tends to present information about the outstanding liabilities, assets and shareholders equity on a given date which is usually the last date of the financial year (Damodaran, 2008) The requisite entries from the balance sheet are highlighted below (Boral, 2013;2014;2015). Current assets may be defined as those assets which tend to be liquid and hence are readily convertible into cash in the short term i.e. before one year. The various components of current assets tend to be cash and cash equivalents, inventory, account receivables, any prepaid expenses and all investments in securities undertaken by the firm which are liquid and hence convertible into cash (Petty et. al, 2015). On the other hand, non-current assets are those assets which are meant to derive benefits for the company over a period of time and thus are charged a depreciation for value erosion over the estimated useful life. Typical examples in this regard include PPE(Plant, Property Equipment), Land, Intangible assets (Marcus Kane, 2013). Current liabilities may be defined as those liabilities which the company needs to settle during the short term whose horizon typically is taken as one year or current financial year. The typical examples would include account payables, tax liabilities, temporary liabilities, wages payable and other dues which are expected to be settled within one year. The non-current liabilities tend to include those liabilities which are payable over the long term i.e. over a period stretching into multiple financial years (Northington, 2016). Another relevant aspect is the shareholders equity which represents the amount of funds that the company has derived from investors through share issue. The major components in this regards are share capital along with the earnings that have been retained (Seal, Garrison and Noreen, 2012). On the basis of the given table, it may be derived that there has been an increase in the current asset in FY2015 unlike FY2014 when there was a decrease. This augers well for the company as it has sufficient liquid resources so as to meet its liabilities in the short term and invest on the business. In regards to non-current assets, there has been an increase in the current asset in FY2015 unlike FY2014 when there was a decrease. This stands well for the future of the company as investment is being made which would lead to higher returns in the future. Further, in relation to the current liabilities, the trend has continued from FY2014 to FY2015 but the severity of the same has enhanced as the company owes less to the various stakeholders as compared to the previous year. Besides, there has been a trend reversal with regards to the long term liabilities as these have increased by 36.25% in FY2015 as compared to a decrease of 43.37% in FY2014. This is indicative of a trend whereby the company is converting the short term liabilities into long term liabilities by availing term loans. Also, in relation to the shareholders equity, the table indicates an increase in stakeholders equity in FY2015 and in percentage terms, this exceeds the corresponding increase in FY2014. This is attributed to a higher contribution from the retained earnings in FY2015 compared to the previous year owing to higher profits earned by the company in the current year i.e. FY2015. From the above discussion on selected entries relating to the financial position of the position, it would be fair to conclude that the companys financial conditions seems sound with no liquidity concerns looming either in the short term or the long term. B. Stockholders Equity The stockholders equity may be defined as the residual claim of the owner during the liquidation of the company, once the debtors have been settled. The key components include paid-in capital, retained earnings along with the common stock although variations are also noticed. The money that the company has raised through the issue of the common shares is known as the paid-in-capital (Bhimani et. al., 2008). Further, retail earnings are referred to as the surplus earnings remaining from the net profits of the company after dividends on both preference and ordinary shares has been paid. Besides, treasury stock or common stock refers to the money that the company spends in relation to repurchasing the shares but does not intend to withdraw the same from capital stock of shares that it has (Drury, 2008). The movements in the various components of the stockholders equity are summarized in the table shown below (Boral, 2013;2014;2015). It is evident from the table demonstrated above that common stock has seen a decline in FY2015 while in FY2014 there was a small increase. This may be attributed to the companys share being undervalued due to which the stock in the open market has decreased. Additionally, in relation to the retaining earnings, a higher % increase in FY2015 as compared to FY2014 is indicative of higher share of profits have been diverted to retaining earnings of the company in the current year (FY2015) as compared to the previous one (FY2014). C. Statement of Profit and Loss Profit and Loss statement also known as income statement is a key component of the financial statement which to capture the revenue obtained by the company during the given period and the various expenses incurred to obtain this revenue. Further, based on the revenue and the related expenses, the net profit or loss may be derived (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2013). The five major constituents of this statement are operating revenues, COGS or Cost of Goods Sold, total operating expenses, non-operational gains or losses and the EPS or Earnings per share (Christensen et al., 2013). The operating revenue for the company is the revenue that the company derives from its routine activities and usually arises on the basis of the underlying product or service that the company sells. Besides, COGS refers to the various expenses that the company has to incur to make those goods or provide service and include costs such as raw material costs and labour costs. The total operating expenses refer to the expenses relating to the business and are indirect costs which are usually not related directly with the good or product (Parrino Kidwell, 2011). Additionally, at times gains or losses may be realised by the company on account of non-operating activities such as disposal of a particular business or asset and these are termed as extraordinary events as these tend to isolated incidents but may have a significant impact for the company financials. EPS is a critical element which is closely related to the market price as the investors tend to view profits not In absolute terms but rather in regards to profit generated on a per share basis (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). The relevant figures from the profit and loss statement are summarised below (Boral, 2013;2014;2015). It is apparent on the basis of the table above, that there has been a higher decline in revenues in FY2015 (4%) as compared to that in FY2014 (1%). This may be related to weak trading conditions that are persistent in 2015. However, the COGS for FY2015 has witnessed a decline of 3% as compared to an increase of 3% in FY2014. This augers well for the company and enables higher gross margins. The credit for this goes to the various measures undertaken by the company to reduce their costs and enhance margins (Needles and Crosson, 2013). Besides, the quest for cost reduction and surplus waste reduction of the company is also visible at the level of the total expense which have witnessed a decrease of 5% in FY2015 which even though lesser than lesser than corresponding decrease of 7% in FY2014 but still is a healthy trend for the company which is likely to enhance the profitability margins for the companys operations. The profitability of the company in FY2015 is being adversely affected by the decline of 81% in non-operating income in FY2015 while in the previous year i.e. FY2014, there was a corresponding increase of 10%. This drop may be explained on the basis of less dividend income and the various losses leaped by the company from the investments that it had made. Further, there has been a decrease in EPS in FY2015 by about 36% while the corresponding change in FY2014 was -20%. This is a worrying aspect for the company as the profitability seems to be continually reduced despite higher margins especially at the gross level.. D. Statement of Cash Flow The cash flow statement is a pivotal elements of the annual financial statements which tend to represent the cash position of the business and is imperative since revenues need to be converted into cash and also because the company needs to prudently manage the condition of financial shortfalls. CFO or Cash flow from operating activities tends to indicate the cash that is generated from the operating activities i.e. routine business of the company (Graham Smart, 2012). A positive CFO reflects positively from the company and infact a positive CFO by some stakeholders is considered more vital than the net profits. Further, the effect of the inventory stocks, accounts receivables is also reflected in the CFO value (Geurard, 2013). The Cash Flow from Financing or CFF is another aspect of the cash flow statement which tends to indicate the amounts of funds that the company has borrowed and the extent to which repayment has been done. Further emphasis is also on the exact mechanism of rai sing incremental money and paying it back. This also presents a fair idea about the underlying liquidity of the firm (Petty et. al., 2015).. Besides, Cash Flow from Investing (CFI) is indicative of the amount being invested into the business particularly fixed assets and also presents an account of the disposal of certain assets which may not central to the business and hence are disposal off. An increased outflow in the CFI may hint at a positive future for the company as the investment that is being undertaken currently would enable the company to earn superior returns in the future (Damodaran, 2008). The table indicating the requisite balances from the cash flow statement is summarised below (Boral, 2013;2014;2015). It is apparent from the above that there has been a decline of 18% in the operating cash flow in FY2015 which is on expected lines considering the weak economic conditions that are persisting both in Australia and also globally, However, in FY2014, the corresponding operating cash flows witnessed increase by 64% over the previous year. The net cash outflow from financing has witnessed a huge decline of about 52% in the current year i.e. FY2015 which is clearly indicative of the reduced need for financing as the new projects are being deferred, Additionally, the cash flow from investing is undergoing negative growth indicating that there has overall spending by the company on the fixed assets which augers well for the company for the future when the trading environment would improve and company would see growth (Kane Marcus, 2013). Conclusion It may be fair to conclude based on the analysis above that the current financial position of the company seems sound as there is no liquidity crunch or insolvency fears for the company. Further, the company is acting in a prudent manner by substituting its short term liabilities with long term liabilities which is preferable in a difficult trading environment which the company is currently witnessing. However, on the profitability front, there has been a continued decline in the profits which are also being reflected in the EPS and infact this trend has worsened in FY2015 despite the company having higher gross margins in FY2015. However, with regards to the cash position, even though it has deteriorated, the concerning factor is the operational cash flow which needs to pick up going ahead. Recommendation It may be recommended that in order to reduce its short term financing need and reduce the overall working capital required, the company should take proactive measure for reducing the value of operating cycle. Also, the retained earnings which are currently essentially lying idle must be deployed in some productive use so as to enhance the returns for the shareholders especially at a time when the core business is also underperforming. In order to provide a boost to the declining profitability, emphasis should be on more prudent measure with regards to cost management as enhancing the revenue seems difficult in the current business environment where demand is lagging (Northington, 2011). However, the company can make attempts to increase the revenue by lowering the prices ins selected products. This would effectively enable an improvement in the operational cash flow which has witnessed a significant decline. Further, the company should go ahead with its strategy of converting the short term debt into long term debt and may also raise additional funds through the equity route whenever the markets are opportune so that a fair price can be obtained through the share issue. In order to strengthen the cash position, the non-core assets of the company may also be liquidated so that money is diverted only in core business which company wants to continue in the long run (Parrino Kidwell, 2011). References Bhimani, A, Horngren, CT, Datar, SM Foster, G 2008, Management and Cost Accounting 4th eds., Prentice Hall/Financial Times, Harlow Brealey, R, Myers, S Allen, F 2008, Principles of Corporate Finance, 9th eds., McGraw Hill Publications, New York Boral Limited 2013 Annual Report. [Online]. Available at: https://www.boral.com.au/Images/common/pdfs/annual-reports/Boral-Annual-Report-2013.pdf (Accessed on 23 September 2016). Boral Limited 2015 Annual Report. [Online]. Available at: https://www.boral.com.au/Images/common/pdfs/annual-reports/Boral-Annual-Report-2015.pdf (Accessed on 23 September 2016). Boral Limited 2014 Annual Report. [Online]. Available at: https://www.boral.com.au/Images/common/pdfs/annual-reports/Boral-Annual-Report-2014.pdf (Accessed on 23 September 2016). Brigham, EF Ehrhardt, MC 2013. Financial Management: Theory Practice, 14th eds., South-Western College Publications, New York Christensen, M, Drew, M, Blanchi, R Ross, S 2013, Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 6th eds., McGraw Hill, New York Drury, C 2008, Management and Cost Accounting, 7th eds., Thomson Learning, London Damodaran, A 2008, Corporate Finance, 2nd edn, Wiley Publications, London Graham, J Smart, S 2012, Introduction to corporate finance, 5th eds., South-Western Cengage Learning, Sydney Guerard, J 2013,Introduction to financial forecasting in investment analysis, 6th eds., Springer. New York Kane, B.Z. Marcus, A.J. 2013. 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